M5: rename usermode->process, add yield + mmap/munmap syscalls

Start the user-space driver track (VFS + IPC + heap). This lays the
process/syscall foundation the runtime heap will grow on.

- Rename usermode.zig -> process.zig; drop the retired hello/ping blob and
  its `user` test (subsumed by the real /sbin/init exerciser). Keep the
  isolation-proof pf blob and the user-pf test.
- Add danos.Syscall as the single source of truth for syscall numbers, shared
  by the kernel dispatcher and (later) the user runtime lib. Dispatch on the
  enum. New calls: 1=yield, 4=mmap, 5=munmap. Widen debug_write's bounds
  check to the whole user low half so heap buffers are writable.
- mmap grants zeroed RW+NX pages from a per-process bump arena
  (Task.heap_next, PML4[224] above image+stack); munmap frees the frames.
  Add paging.translateIn / unmapInto (+ arch.translate / unmapUserPageInto)
  as the primitives munmap and future cross-AS copies need.
- New `usermem` test: grant three pages into a fresh AS, translate them,
  release via the munmap path, tear down, and assert no frames leak.
  Suite 28/28 (user -> usermem).

build.zig

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
 
     // --- /sbin/init: the first user-space program ---
     // Its own tiny freestanding binary, linked at a fixed address inside the
-    // kernel's user region (usermode.zig) and started in ring 3 by the kernel's
+    // kernel's user region (process.zig) and started in ring 3 by the kernel's
     // user-ELF loader. `.large` because the image base is above 4 GiB — small/
     // medium code models emit 32-bit absolute relocations that can't reach.
     // Pinned to ReleaseSmall: the user region gives it a 2 MiB budget and its

docs/syscall.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ System calls (syscalls) are the bridge between your programs and the operating s
 > `isr.s` does the `swapgs` + kernel-stack switch and reuses the interrupt
 > dispatcher). The `int 0x80` gate is kept alongside as a minimal test path. The
 > current call set is still a placeholder — `0 = exit(code)`, `1 = ping`,
-> `2 = write(ptr, len)`, `3 = sleep(ms)` (see `src/kernel/usermode.zig`); the
+> `2 = write(ptr, len)`, `3 = sleep(ms)` (see `src/kernel/process.zig`); the
 > handler dispatches on whether the caller is a scheduled process (its own address
 > space) or a borrowed test thread. The microkernel set below (IPC_Call /
 > IPC_ReplyWait / Yield) replaces it once a second user server exists.

sbin/init.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! /sbin/init — the first user-space program, PID 1. Built as its own
 //! freestanding binary (see build.zig), shipped on the boot volume at sbin/init,
 //! loaded by the bootloader, and started in ring 3 as a scheduled process by the
-//! kernel (src/kernel/usermode.zig). It talks to the kernel only through the
+//! kernel (src/kernel/process.zig). It talks to the kernel only through the
 //! `syscall` instruction.
 //!
 //! Today it's a heartbeat: it prints a line and sleeps, forever — enough to show
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 const std = @import("std");
 
-// Syscall numbers (see src/kernel/usermode.zig):
+// Syscall numbers (see src/kernel/process.zig):
 const sys_exit = 0;
 const sys_write = 2;
 const sys_sleep = 3;

src/kernel/arch/x86_64/cpu.zig

@@ -190,6 +190,19 @@ pub fn unmapPage(virt: u64) void {
     paging.unmap(virt);
 }
 
+/// Remove a page mapping from address space `root` (for munmap of user pages).
+/// Clears the leaf entry only; freeing the underlying frame is the caller's job.
+pub fn unmapUserPageInto(root: u64, virt: u64) void {
+    paging.unmapInto(root, virt);
+}
+
+/// Resolve `virt` to its physical address in the address space rooted at `root`
+/// (any address space, not just the live one), or null if unmapped. Used to find
+/// the frame behind a user page for munmap, and for cross-address-space copies.
+pub fn translate(root: u64, virt: u64) ?u64 {
+    return paging.translateIn(root, virt);
+}
+
 /// Map a page accessible from ring 3 (U/S bit at every level). The caller keeps
 /// W^X: code read-only + executable, data writable + no-execute.
 pub fn mapUserPage(virt: u64, phys: u64, writable: bool, executable: bool) void {

src/kernel/arch/x86_64/isr.s

@@ -235,34 +235,14 @@ user_saved_rsp:
     .skip 8
 .text
 
-# --- user-mode test programs -------------------------------------------------
+# --- user-mode test program --------------------------------------------------
-# Hand-assembled ring-3 blobs, copied by the kernel onto a user-mapped page and
+# A hand-assembled ring-3 blob, copied by the kernel onto a user-mapped page and
 # entered via enter_user. Position-independent (immediates and short jumps only).
 # In .rodata: these bytes are data to the kernel — they only execute at CPL 3
-# from the user mapping.
+# from the user mapping. (The old hello/ping blob was retired once /sbin/init
+# became the real ring-3 exerciser; only the isolation proof remains.)
 .section .rodata
 
-# The hello program: ping syscall (rax=1) with a value, a delay loop long enough
-# for several timer ticks to land while at CPL 3 (proving interrupt-from-user +
-# iretq-back), a second ping, then exit (rax=0). The trailing jmp is a safety
-# net in case exit ever returns.
-.global user_prog_start
-.global user_prog_end
-user_prog_start:
-    mov $1, %rax
-    mov $0xC0DE, %rdi
-    int $0x80
-    mov $50000000, %rcx     # ~50M iterations: tens of ms even under TCG
-1:  dec %rcx
-    jnz 1b
-    mov $1, %rax
-    mov $0xBEEF, %rdi
-    int $0x80
-    mov $0, %rax
-    int $0x80
-2:  jmp 2b
-user_prog_end:
-
 # The isolation-proof program: read a kernel-only page from ring 3. The LAPIC
 # lives in the kernel's physmap (physmap_base + 0xFEE00000) as a supervisor
 # page, so this must take a #PF with error code 0x5 (present | user) before any

src/kernel/arch/x86_64/paging.zig

@@ -306,7 +306,15 @@ pub fn setExecutable(phys: u64) void {
 
 /// Remove a mapping and flush it from the TLB.
 pub fn unmap(virt: u64) void {
-    const pml4e = tableAt(kernel_pml4)[(virt >> 39) & 0x1FF];
+    unmapInto(kernel_pml4, virt);
+}
+
+/// Remove a mapping from the address space rooted at `pml4` (a process's own
+/// table or the kernel's) and flush it from the TLB. Clears only the leaf PTE —
+/// the intermediate tables and any frame the PTE pointed at are left to the
+/// caller (munmap frees the frame; `destroyAddressSpace` reclaims the tables).
+pub fn unmapInto(pml4: u64, virt: u64) void {
+    const pml4e = tableAt(pml4)[(virt >> 39) & 0x1FF];
     if (pml4e & present == 0) return;
     const pdpte = tableAt(pml4e & addr_mask)[(virt >> 30) & 0x1FF];
     if (pdpte & present == 0) return;
@@ -316,6 +324,24 @@ pub fn unmap(virt: u64) void {
     invalidate(virt);
 }
 
+/// Resolve a virtual address to a physical one in the address space rooted at
+/// `pml4`, walking the tables through the physmap (CR3-independent — works for
+/// any address space, not just the live one). Returns null if `virt` is not
+/// mapped at any level. All danos mappings are 4 KiB, so there is no huge-page
+/// case. The foundation for cross-address-space copies and for munmap (which
+/// needs the frame behind a user vaddr to free it).
+pub fn translateIn(pml4: u64, virt: u64) ?u64 {
+    const pml4e = tableAt(pml4)[(virt >> 39) & 0x1FF];
+    if (pml4e & present == 0) return null;
+    const pdpte = tableAt(pml4e & addr_mask)[(virt >> 30) & 0x1FF];
+    if (pdpte & present == 0) return null;
+    const pde = tableAt(pdpte & addr_mask)[(virt >> 21) & 0x1FF];
+    if (pde & present == 0) return null;
+    const pte = tableAt(pde & addr_mask)[(virt >> 12) & 0x1FF];
+    if (pte & present == 0) return null;
+    return (pte & addr_mask) | (virt & (page_size - 1));
+}
+
 fn invalidate(virt: u64) void {
     // invlpg needs its operand via a register-indirect memory reference that Zig
     // inline asm won't form directly, so stage the address in a register first.

src/kernel/main.zig

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const log = @import("log.zig");
 const pmm = @import("pmm.zig");
 const heap = @import("heap.zig");
 const scheduler = @import("scheduler.zig");
-const usermode = @import("usermode.zig");
+const process = @import("process.zig");
 const platform = @import("platform");
 const tests = @import("tests.zig");
 const build_options = @import("build_options");
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn kmain(boot_info: *const BootInfo) noreturn {
 
     // Install the syscall handler (int 0x80 gate + syscall stub) once, before any
     // user code runs.
-    usermode.init();
+    process.init();
 
     // Register the current context as the first task before enabling preemption.
     scheduler.init(4);
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ fn kmain(boot_info: *const BootInfo) noreturn {
     if (boot_info.init_len != 0) {
         status("starting /sbin/init...\n");
         const image = @as([*]const u8, @ptrFromInt(danos.physToVirt(boot_info.init_base)))[0..boot_info.init_len];
-        usermode.spawnProcess(image, 4) catch |err| {
+        process.spawnProcess(image, 4) catch |err| {
             statusPrint("/sbin/init failed to load: {s}\n", .{@errorName(err)});
         };
     } else {

src/kernel/process.zig

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-//! Ring-3 execution. Two entry points:
+//! User-space processes: loading a user ELF and running it in ring 3. danos is a
-//! - `spawnProcess` loads a user ELF (`/sbin/init`) into a fresh address space
+//! microkernel, so this only ever loads *user* binaries — there is no kernel-space
-//!   and schedules it as a real preemptive ring-3 process on its own page
+//! loader; in-kernel code is linked into the kernel image, not loaded here.
-//!   tables. This is the production path.
+//!
-//! - `run` executes a raw code blob (the user/user-pf test programs) on the
+//! Two entry points:
+//! - `spawnProcess` loads a user ELF (`/sbin/init`, and later servers/drivers)
+//!   into a fresh address space and schedules it as a real preemptive ring-3
+//!   process on its own page tables. This is the production path.
+//! - `run` executes a raw code blob (the user-pf isolation test program) on the
 //!   *current* kernel context via the borrowed-thread path — a minimal probe of
-//!   the ring-transition mechanisms, kept for the tests.
+//!   the ring-transition mechanisms, kept for that test.
 //! Both map frames user-accessible with W^X (code RO+X, data RW+NX); the program
 //! talks to the kernel only through the syscall instruction (or the int 0x80
 //! gate). The shared handler is installed once by `init`.
@@ -25,6 +29,7 @@ const sync = @import("sync.zig");
 const log = @import("log.zig");
 
 const page_size = danos.page_size;
+const Syscall = danos.Syscall;
 
 /// User virtual addresses. PML4 index 224 — a user-exclusive region, far from
 /// the identity map (low indices) and the vmm test address (index 128), so
@@ -33,100 +38,163 @@ const page_size = danos.page_size;
 pub const code_virt: u64 = 0x0000_7000_0000_0000;
 pub const stack_virt: u64 = 0x0000_7000_0020_0000;
 
-// The hand-assembled user program blobs (isr.s, .rodata).
+/// The mmap grant arena: where `mmap` hands out fresh user pages, above the image
-const prog_start = @extern([*]const u8, .{ .name = "user_prog_start" });
+/// and stack but still inside PML4[224] (so no kernel mapping is widened). Each
-const prog_end = @extern([*]const u8, .{ .name = "user_prog_end" });
+/// process bump-allocates from `heap_arena_base` upward via `Task.heap_next`; a
+/// 1 GiB window is far more than any user heap needs today.
+pub const heap_arena_base: u64 = 0x0000_7000_1000_0000;
+pub const heap_arena_end: u64 = heap_arena_base + (1 << 30);
+
+/// End of the user (low) canonical half. Any legitimate user pointer is below it;
+/// used to bound the addresses a syscall will dereference on the caller's behalf.
+pub const user_half_end: u64 = 0x0000_8000_0000_0000;
+
+/// Largest single `mmap` grant, in pages (1 MiB). The user heap grows in small
+/// chunks, so this bound is generous; it also caps the frame scratch array below.
+const max_mmap_pages = 256;
+
+// The hand-assembled user program blob (isr.s, .rodata) — the isolation probe.
 const pf_start = @extern([*]const u8, .{ .name = "user_pf_start" });
 const pf_end = @extern([*]const u8, .{ .name = "user_pf_end" });
 
-/// The ring-3 hello program: ping(0xC0DE), delay loop, ping(0xBEEF), exit.
-pub fn helloBlob() []const u8 {
-    return prog_start[0 .. @intFromPtr(prog_end) - @intFromPtr(prog_start)];
-}
-
 /// The isolation-proof program: reads a kernel-only page, must #PF.
 pub fn pfBlob() []const u8 {
     return pf_start[0 .. @intFromPtr(pf_end) - @intFromPtr(pf_start)];
 }
 
-/// What a ping syscall recorded — evidence for the test to assert on.
+/// What debug_write syscalls produced (accumulated), and the exit syscall's code.
-pub const Ping = struct { value: u64 = 0, from_user: bool = false, ticks: u64 = 0 };
-pub var pings = [_]Ping{.{}} ** 2;
-pub var ping_count: usize = 0;
-
-/// What write syscalls produced (accumulated), and the exit syscall's code.
 pub var write_buf: [256]u8 = undefined;
 pub var write_len: usize = 0;
 pub var write_from_user: bool = false;
 pub var write_count: u64 = 0; // total write syscalls served (for the heartbeat tests)
 pub var exit_code: u64 = 0;
 
-/// The M3 syscall surface, dispatched on the saved syscall number:
+/// The syscall surface, dispatched on the saved syscall number (`danos.Syscall`).
-///   0 = exit(code)      — end the caller (process: free its AS + reschedule;
+/// This is the microkernel-minimal set — memory + scheduling only; file/device
-///                         borrowed test thread: unwind to the kernel caller)
+/// I/O will arrive as IPC to user-space servers (docs/syscall.md). The result is
-///   1 = ping(value)     — record the value + the caller's privilege + the tick count
+/// written back into the trap frame, since the entry paths restore user registers
-///   2 = write(ptr, len) — log bytes from user memory, prefixed DANOS-INIT:
+/// from it. One handler serves both the syscall/sysret and int-0x80 entry paths.
-///   3 = sleep(ms)       — block the caller for ms milliseconds
-/// The real microkernel ABI (IPC_Call/IPC_ReplyWait/Yield, docs/syscall.md)
-/// replaces these later; the result is written back into the trap frame already,
-/// since the entry paths restore user registers from it. One handler serves both
-/// syscall entry paths.
 ///
 /// Install it once at boot (before any user code runs) via `init`.
 pub fn init() void {
     arch.setSyscallHandler(syscall);
 }
 
+/// Return -1 (as an unsigned bit pattern) in the syscall result register.
+fn fail(state: *arch.CpuState) void {
+    arch.setSyscallResult(state, @bitCast(@as(i64, -1)));
+}
+
 fn syscall(state: *arch.CpuState) void {
-    switch (arch.syscallNumber(state)) {
+    switch (@as(Syscall, @enumFromInt(arch.syscallNumber(state)))) {
-        0 => {
+        .exit => {
             exit_code = arch.syscallArg(state, 0);
             // A scheduled process frees its address space and reschedules; a
             // borrowed test thread unwinds back to the kernel that entered it.
             if (sched.currentIsUserProcess()) sched.exitUser() else arch.userExit();
         },
-        3 => {
+        .yield => {
+            sched.yield();
+            arch.setSyscallResult(state, 0);
+        },
+        .sleep => {
             sched.sleep(arch.syscallArg(state, 0));
             arch.setSyscallResult(state, 0);
         },
-        1 => {
+        .debug_write => sysDebugWrite(state),
-            if (ping_count < pings.len) {
+        .mmap => sysMmap(state),
-                pings[ping_count] = .{ .value = arch.syscallArg(state, 0), .from_user = arch.fromUser(state), .ticks = arch.ticks() };
+        .munmap => sysMunmap(state),
-                ping_count += 1;
+        _ => fail(state),
-            }
-            arch.setSyscallResult(state, 0);
-        },
-        2 => {
-            // The pointer must lie inside the user region (image + stack) —
-            // kernel addresses and non-canonical values fall outside it, so the
-            // kernel-side read below can't be steered at kernel data. Length is
-            // checked first so the upper-bound subtraction can't underflow.
-            // Known gap (fine for a trusted init): a pointer into an *unmapped*
-            // hole in the region passes the check and the read #PFs -> on_fault
-            // halts — a self-DoS, not an isolation break. Copy-in with fault
-            // recovery is M3+ (with SMAP, once there's a reason to enable it).
-            const ptr = arch.syscallArg(state, 0);
-            const len = arch.syscallArg(state, 1);
-            if (len <= write_buf.len and ptr >= code_virt and ptr <= stack_virt + page_size - len) {
-                const src: [*]const u8 = @ptrFromInt(ptr);
-                @memcpy(write_buf[0..len], src[0..len]); // keep the latest message
-                write_len = len;
-                write_from_user = arch.fromUser(state);
-                write_count += 1;
-                log.write("DANOS-INIT: ");
-                log.write(src[0..len]);
-                arch.setSyscallResult(state, len);
-            } else {
-                arch.setSyscallResult(state, @bitCast(@as(i64, -1)));
-            }
-        },
-        else => arch.setSyscallResult(state, @bitCast(@as(i64, -1))),
     }
 }
 
+/// debug_write(ptr, len): copy bytes from user memory into the kernel log.
+/// A bring-up diagnostic — real output goes through the VFS/console later.
+///
+/// The pointer must lie in the user (low) half, so kernel addresses and
+/// non-canonical values fall outside it and the read below can't be steered at
+/// kernel data. Length is checked first so the upper-bound add can't overflow.
+/// Known gap (fine for trusted user code): a pointer into an *unmapped* hole in
+/// the user half passes the check and the read #PFs -> on_fault halts — a
+/// self-DoS, not an isolation break. Fault-recovering copy-in is a later item.
+fn sysDebugWrite(state: *arch.CpuState) void {
+    const ptr = arch.syscallArg(state, 0);
+    const len = arch.syscallArg(state, 1);
+    if (len <= write_buf.len and ptr < user_half_end and ptr + len <= user_half_end) {
+        const src: [*]const u8 = @ptrFromInt(ptr);
+        @memcpy(write_buf[0..len], src[0..len]); // keep the latest message
+        write_len = len;
+        write_from_user = arch.fromUser(state);
+        write_count += 1;
+        log.write("DANOS-INIT: ");
+        log.write(src[0..len]);
+        arch.setSyscallResult(state, len);
+    } else {
+        fail(state);
+    }
+}
+
+/// mmap(len, prot) -> base: grant `len` bytes (rounded up to whole pages) of
+/// fresh, zeroed, writable+NX memory in the caller's mmap arena, and return the
+/// base virtual address. `prot` is accepted but not yet honoured (grants are
+/// always RW+NX; W^X for user code stays with the ELF loader). Failure returns
+/// -1. The user-space allocator (lib `rt`) carves these pages into malloc blocks.
+fn sysMmap(state: *arch.CpuState) void {
+    const len = arch.syscallArg(state, 0);
+    const t = sched.cur();
+    if (t.aspace == 0) return fail(state); // not a user process — nothing to map into
+    const pages = (len + page_size - 1) / page_size;
+    if (pages == 0 or pages > max_mmap_pages) return fail(state);
+
+    if (t.heap_next == 0) t.heap_next = heap_arena_base; // seed the arena lazily
+    const base = t.heap_next;
+    if (base + pages * page_size > heap_arena_end) return fail(state); // arena exhausted
+
+    // Reserve all frames up front so a mid-way exhaustion rolls back cleanly
+    // (no partially-mapped grant leaks into the address space).
+    var frames: [max_mmap_pages]u64 = undefined;
+    var got: usize = 0;
+    while (got < pages) : (got += 1) {
+        frames[got] = pmm.alloc() orelse {
+            for (frames[0..got]) |f| pmm.free(f);
+            return fail(state);
+        };
+    }
+
+    for (frames[0..pages], 0..) |frame, i| {
+        const dst: [*]u8 = @ptrFromInt(danos.physToVirt(frame));
+        @memset(dst[0..page_size], 0); // hand out zeroed memory
+        arch.mapUserPageInto(t.aspace, base + i * page_size, frame, true, false); // RW + NX
+    }
+    t.heap_next = base + pages * page_size;
+    arch.setSyscallResult(state, base);
+}
+
+/// munmap(base, len): release a range previously handed out by `mmap`. Unmaps
+/// each page and frees its frame. The arena is a bump allocator, so the virtual
+/// range is not recycled (the user-space allocator reuses freed *blocks* itself);
+/// this just returns the physical frames to the kernel. Returns 0, or -1 if the
+/// range is not page-aligned or lies outside the arena.
+fn sysMunmap(state: *arch.CpuState) void {
+    const base = arch.syscallArg(state, 0);
+    const len = arch.syscallArg(state, 1);
+    const t = sched.cur();
+    if (t.aspace == 0 or base % page_size != 0) return fail(state);
+    const pages = (len + page_size - 1) / page_size;
+    if (base < heap_arena_base or base + pages * page_size > heap_arena_end) return fail(state);
+
+    for (0..pages) |i| {
+        const va = base + i * page_size;
+        if (arch.translate(t.aspace, va)) |phys| {
+            arch.unmapUserPageInto(t.aspace, va);
+            pmm.free(phys);
+        }
+    }
+    arch.setSyscallResult(state, 0);
+}
+
 /// Reset the recorded syscall evidence before a user-mode run.
 fn resetRecords() void {
-    ping_count = 0;
     write_len = 0;
     write_from_user = false;
     write_count = 0;

src/kernel/scheduler.zig

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const max_tasks = config.max_tasks; // maximum tasks alive at once (static pool)
 
 const State = enum { free, ready, running, blocked };
 
-const Task = struct {
+pub const Task = struct {
     id: u32 = 0,
     state: State = .free,
     priority: Priority = 0,
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ const Task = struct {
     aspace: u64 = 0,
     user_ip: u64 = 0, // user-mode entry point (user task only)
     user_sp: u64 = 0, // user-mode stack pointer (user task only)
+    // Next free virtual address in this task's mmap grant arena (0 = uninitialised;
+    // process.zig lazily seeds it to the arena base on the first mmap). Bumped up
+    // as the user heap grows; user task only.
+    heap_next: u64 = 0,
     next: ?*Task = null, // ready-queue link
 };
 
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ inline fn thisCpu() *PerCpu {
 
 /// The task running on this core — the per-CPU replacement for the old global
 /// `current`. A convenience reader; writes go through `thisCpu().current`.
-inline fn cur() *Task {
+pub inline fn cur() *Task {
     return thisCpu().current;
 }
 

src/kernel/tests.zig

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const pmm = @import("pmm.zig");
 const heap = @import("heap.zig");
 const sched = @import("scheduler.zig");
 const ipc = @import("ipc.zig");
-const usermode = @import("usermode.zig");
+const process = @import("process.zig");
 
 /// Formatted write straight to serial, independent of the framebuffer console.
 fn log(comptime fmt: []const u8, args: anytype) void {
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ pub fn run(case: []const u8, boot_info: *const BootInfo) void {
         faultNoExecute();
     } else if (eql(case, "fault-null")) {
         faultNull();
-    } else if (eql(case, "user")) {
+    } else if (eql(case, "usermem")) {
-        userTest();
+        userMemTest();
     } else if (eql(case, "user-pf")) {
         userPfTest();
     } else if (eql(case, "init")) {
@@ -713,24 +713,64 @@ fn smpRetryTest() void {
 
 // --- ring 3 (user mode) -----------------------------------------------------
 
-/// The full ring-3 round trip: enter user mode, take syscalls and timer
+/// The mmap/munmap grant path: create a fresh address space, hand out pages into
-/// interrupts from CPL 3, and come back. Preemption is disabled for the run —
+/// its mmap arena the way the `mmap` syscall does, prove they are real (write and
-/// enter_user publishes TSS.rsp0 on *this* core, so the task must not migrate
+/// read them back through the physmap), then release them via the `munmap` path
-/// (interrupts still fire and iretq back into ring 3, which is the point).
+/// (translate -> unmap -> free) and tear the address space down. The frame count
-fn userTest() void {
+/// must return exactly to where it started — a leak or a double-free would show
-    log("DANOS-TEST-BEGIN: user\n", .{});
+/// as drift. Exercises the new `translate`/`unmapUserPageInto` primitives that
-    sched.setPreemption(false);
+/// back munmap, without needing a user binary that calls the syscalls.
-    const ran = if (usermode.run(usermode.helloBlob())) true else |err| blk: {
+fn userMemTest() void {
-        log("DANOS-USER: run failed: {s}\n", .{@errorName(err)});
+    log("DANOS-TEST-BEGIN: usermem\n", .{});
-        break :blk false;
+    const base_free = pmm.stats().free_frames;
-    };
-    sched.setPreemption(true);
 
-    check("user program ran and exited (ring-3 round trip)", ran);
+    const aspace = arch.createAddressSpace() orelse {
-    check("two ping syscalls received", usermode.ping_count == 2);
+        check("created a fresh address space", false);
-    check("syscall args passed in registers (0xC0DE, 0xBEEF)", usermode.pings[0].value == 0xC0DE and usermode.pings[1].value == 0xBEEF);
+        result();
-    check("syscalls came from user mode (CPL 3)", usermode.pings[0].from_user and usermode.pings[1].from_user);
+        return;
-    check("timer ticks advanced while in ring 3", usermode.pings[1].ticks > usermode.pings[0].ticks);
+    };
+    check("created a fresh address space", aspace != 0);
+
+    // Grant three pages into the arena, mapped RW + NX (the mmap contract).
+    const npages = 3;
+    const arena = process.heap_arena_base;
+    var frames: [npages]u64 = undefined;
+    var mapped: usize = 0;
+    while (mapped < npages) : (mapped += 1) {
+        frames[mapped] = pmm.alloc() orelse break;
+        arch.mapUserPageInto(aspace, arena + mapped * danos.page_size, frames[mapped], true, false);
+    }
+    check("granted three user pages", mapped == npages);
+
+    // Each page resolves back to the frame we mapped, and is writable RAM.
+    var translate_ok = true;
+    var rw_ok = true;
+    for (0..npages) |i| {
+        const va = arena + i * danos.page_size;
+        const phys = arch.translate(aspace, va) orelse {
+            translate_ok = false;
+            continue;
+        };
+        if (phys != frames[i]) translate_ok = false;
+        const p: [*]u8 = @ptrFromInt(danos.physToVirt(phys));
+        p[0] = 0xA5;
+        if (p[0] != 0xA5) rw_ok = false;
+    }
+    check("translate resolves each grant to its frame", translate_ok);
+    check("granted pages are writable RAM", rw_ok);
+
+    // Release them the way munmap does, then tear down the address space.
+    for (0..npages) |i| {
+        const va = arena + i * danos.page_size;
+        if (arch.translate(aspace, va)) |phys| {
+            arch.unmapUserPageInto(aspace, va);
+            pmm.free(phys);
+        }
+    }
+    check("munmap unmapped every grant", arch.translate(aspace, arena) == null);
+    arch.destroyAddressSpace(aspace);
+
+    check("no frames leaked (free count restored)", pmm.stats().free_frames == base_free);
     result();
 }
 
@@ -761,28 +801,28 @@ fn processTest(boot_info: *const BootInfo) void {
     }
     const image = @as([*]const u8, @ptrFromInt(danos.physToVirt(boot_info.init_base)))[0..boot_info.init_len];
 
-    usermode.write_count = 0;
+    process.write_count = 0;
-    usermode.write_from_user = false;
+    process.write_from_user = false;
     proc_worker_run = true;
     proc_worker_ran = false;
     sched.spawn(procWorker, 4); // kernel task at the processes' priority
 
     var spawned: u32 = 0;
-    if (usermode.spawnProcess(image, 4)) spawned += 1 else |_| {}
+    if (process.spawnProcess(image, 4)) spawned += 1 else |_| {}
-    if (usermode.spawnProcess(image, 4)) spawned += 1 else |_| {}
+    if (process.spawnProcess(image, 4)) spawned += 1 else |_| {}
 
     // Wait (real time) for several heartbeats across the two processes. Each
     // process sleeps ~1 s between beats, so a few seconds yields several.
     sched.setPriority(1); // drop below the workers so they get the cores
     const deadline = arch.millis() + 8000;
-    while (usermode.write_count < 4 and arch.millis() < deadline) sched.yield();
+    while (process.write_count < 4 and arch.millis() < deadline) sched.yield();
     sched.setPriority(4);
     proc_worker_run = false;
 
-    log("DANOS-PROC: spawned {d} processes, {d} heartbeats\n", .{ spawned, usermode.write_count });
+    log("DANOS-PROC: spawned {d} processes, {d} heartbeats\n", .{ spawned, process.write_count });
     check("both init processes spawned on their own address spaces", spawned == 2);
-    check("processes made repeated heartbeat syscalls (>=4)", usermode.write_count >= 4);
+    check("processes made repeated heartbeat syscalls (>=4)", process.write_count >= 4);
-    check("heartbeats came from user mode (CPL 3)", usermode.write_from_user);
+    check("heartbeats came from user mode (CPL 3)", process.write_from_user);
     check("a kernel task coexisted with the processes (preemption)", proc_worker_ran);
     result();
 }
@@ -794,7 +834,7 @@ fn processTest(boot_info: *const BootInfo) void {
 fn userPfTest() void {
     log("DANOS-TEST-BEGIN: user-pf\n", .{});
     sched.setPreemption(false);
-    _ = usermode.run(usermode.pfBlob()) catch {};
+    _ = process.run(process.pfBlob()) catch {};
     log("DANOS-TEST-RESULT: FAIL (user read of kernel memory did not fault)\n", .{});
 }
 
@@ -811,8 +851,8 @@ fn initTest(boot_info: *const BootInfo) void {
         return;
     }
     const image = @as([*]const u8, @ptrFromInt(danos.physToVirt(boot_info.init_base)))[0..boot_info.init_len];
-    usermode.write_count = 0;
+    process.write_count = 0;
-    const spawned = if (usermode.spawnProcess(image, 4)) true else |err| blk: {
+    const spawned = if (process.spawnProcess(image, 4)) true else |err| blk: {
         log("DANOS-INIT-ERR: {s}\n", .{@errorName(err)});
         break :blk false;
     };
@@ -822,15 +862,15 @@ fn initTest(boot_info: *const BootInfo) void {
     // and sleeps repeatedly (init sleeps ~1 s between beats).
     sched.setPriority(1);
     const deadline = arch.millis() + 8000;
-    while (usermode.write_count < 2 and arch.millis() < deadline) sched.yield();
+    while (process.write_count < 2 and arch.millis() < deadline) sched.yield();
     sched.setPriority(4);
 
     const prefix = "init: heartbeat";
-    const beat_ok = usermode.write_len >= prefix.len and eql(usermode.write_buf[0..prefix.len], prefix);
+    const beat_ok = process.write_len >= prefix.len and eql(process.write_buf[0..prefix.len], prefix);
-    check("init produced repeated heartbeats (>=2)", usermode.write_count >= 2);
+    check("init produced repeated heartbeats (>=2)", process.write_count >= 2);
     check("heartbeat text arrived intact", beat_ok);
-    check("heartbeats came from user mode (CPL 3)", usermode.write_from_user);
+    check("heartbeats came from user mode (CPL 3)", process.write_from_user);
-    check("init is still alive (did not exit)", usermode.exit_code == 0);
+    check("init is still alive (did not exit)", process.exit_code == 0);
     result();
 }
 

src/root.zig

@@ -58,6 +58,26 @@ pub const page_size = 4096;
 pub const physmap_base: u64 = 0xFFFF_8800_0000_0000;
 pub const kernel_virt_base: u64 = 0xFFFF_FFFF_8000_0000;
 
+/// The kernel syscall numbers — the single source of truth shared by the kernel
+/// dispatcher (src/kernel/process.zig) and the user runtime library, so the two
+/// can never drift. The set is deliberately microkernel-minimal: file/device I/O
+/// is not here — it lives in user-space servers reached through the IPC calls.
+/// The table grows one milestone at a time; see docs/syscall.md.
+pub const Syscall = enum(u64) {
+    exit = 0, // exit(code): end the calling process
+    yield = 1, // yield(): give up the rest of this quantum
+    debug_write = 2, // debug_write(ptr, len): raw bytes to the kernel log (bring-up only)
+    sleep = 3, // sleep(ms): block the caller for ms milliseconds
+    mmap = 4, // mmap(len, prot) -> base: grant zeroed, page-aligned user pages
+    munmap = 5, // munmap(base, len): release pages from a prior mmap
+    _,
+};
+
+/// Protection flags for `mmap` (matching the usual C bit values).
+pub const prot_read: u64 = 1;
+pub const prot_write: u64 = 2;
+pub const prot_exec: u64 = 4;
+
 /// Physical address -> its virtual address in the physmap. The single way the
 /// kernel dereferences a physical address once paging is up.
 ///

test/qemu_test.py

@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ CASES = [
      "expect": r"page fault \(vector 14\)",
      "fail":   r"NX not enforced"},
     {"name": "fault-null", "expect": r"page fault \(vector 14\)"},
-    # Ring 3: a user program runs at CPL 3, makes int 0x80 syscalls, survives
+    # Memory grants: the mmap/munmap path hands out user pages into a process's
-    # timer interrupts, and exits back into the kernel.
+    # arena, translate resolves them, munmap frees them, and no frames leak.
-    {"name": "user",
+    {"name": "usermem",
      "expect": r"DANOS-TEST-RESULT: PASS",
      "fail":   r"DANOS-TEST-RESULT: FAIL"},
     # Isolation: a ring-3 read of a kernel-only page must #PF with error code