# New driver: the minimum steps

The shortest path from "a device shows up in the boot log" to "my process is
running with its registers mapped". This is the checklist; the reasoning behind
every step lives in [Writing a driver](drivers.md), the matching rules in
[devices.csv](devices-csv.md), and interrupts in
[device interrupts](device-interrupts.md).

Worked example throughout: the Intel UHD 750 iGPU, which the boot log reports as

```
pci-bus: 0:2.0  bus=pci base=03 class=00 prog_if=00 vendor=8086 device=4C8A ...
```

## 1. Create the source file

`system/drivers/<name>/<name>.zig` — kebab-case, abbreviations spelled out
([coding standards](../coding-standards.md)). The directory name, the binary
name, and the `devices.csv` driver path must all agree; a mismatch fails
silently (the device-manager logs the spawn failure, nothing else happens).

The complete minimal driver — claims its device, logs every resource, maps the
register window, then sleeps in the harness loop:

```zig
//! /system/drivers/intel-uhd-graphics-750 — spawned by the device manager with
//! the device-tree id as argv[1]; claims that device and no other.

const std = @import("std");
const device = @import("driver");
const ipc = @import("ipc");
const memory = @import("memory");
const process = @import("process");
const service = @import("service");

/// No protocol yet: the kernel's IPC ceiling (MESSAGE_MAXIMUM) sizes the buffers.
const message_maximum = 256;

var controller_id: u64 = 0;
var register_base: usize = 0;

fn initialise(endpoint: ipc.Handle) bool {
    _ = endpoint; // needed later, for irq binding and timers

    if (!device.claim(controller_id)) {
        std.log.err("unable to claim device {d}", .{controller_id});
        return false;
    }

    // Fetch our own descriptor back for the device's resources.
    const buffer = memory.allocator().alloc(device.DeviceDescriptor, 64) catch return false;
    defer memory.allocator().free(buffer);
    const total = device.enumerate(buffer);
    const descriptor = for (buffer[0..@min(total, buffer.len)]) |d| {
        if (d.id == controller_id) break d;
    } else {
        std.log.err("device {d} not in the device tree", .{controller_id});
        return false;
    };

    // Log every resource BEFORE choosing one (see step 5).
    var register_index: u64 = 0;
    for (descriptor.resources[0..@intCast(descriptor.resource_count)], 0..) |resource, index| {
        std.log.info("resource {d}: kind={d} start=0x{x} len=0x{x}", .{
            index, resource.kind, resource.start, resource.len,
        });
        // The 16 MiB window is GTTMMADR, the register BAR (this device also has
        // a 256 MiB memory BAR, GMADR — "first memory resource" would be wrong).
        if (resource.kind == @intFromEnum(device.ResourceKind.memory) and
            resource.len == 16 * 1024 * 1024) register_index = index;
    }
    if (register_index == 0) {
        std.log.err("register BAR not found", .{});
        return false;
    }

    register_base = device.mmioMap(controller_id, register_index) orelse {
        std.log.err("mmio_map failed", .{});
        return false;
    };
    std.log.info("registers mapped at 0x{x}", .{register_base});
    return true;
}

fn onMessage(message: []const u8, reply: []u8, sender: u32, capability: ?ipc.Handle) usize {
    _ = message;
    _ = reply;
    _ = sender;
    _ = capability;
    return 0; // no protocol yet; the zero-length ping is answered by the harness
}

pub fn main(init: process.Init) void {
    const argument = init.arguments.get(1) orelse {
        std.log.err("missing device id (argv[1])", .{});
        return;
    };
    controller_id = std.fmt.parseInt(u64, argument, 10) catch {
        std.log.err("malformed device id '{s}'", .{argument});
        return;
    };
    service.run(message_maximum, .{
        .init = initialise,
        .on_message = onMessage,
        // .on_notification only once an IRQ or timer is bound
    });
}
```

`claim` is the capability gate: MMIO mapping, DMA grants, and IRQ binding all
require it, and it pins the IOMMU domain to this process
([drivers.md — claim before touch](drivers.md#the-capability-claim-before-touch)).

## 2. Create the build package and register it in the root build

The driver directory is its own build package
([build-packages-plan.md](../build-packages-plan.md)): a ~15-line `build.zig`
plus a `build.zig.zon` beside the source. Copy both from an existing driver —
`system/drivers/pci-bus/` is the template — and adjust the name, root source
file, and the import list. The list names EXACTLY the modules the driver's
source `@import`s (the moral equivalent of its include list; an undeclared
import is a compile error):

```zig
pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const exe = build_support.userBinary(b, .{
        .name = "intel-uhd-graphics-750",
        .root_source_file = b.path("intel-uhd-graphics-750.zig"),
        .imports = &.{ "driver", "ipc", "memory", "process", "service" },
    });
    b.installArtifact(exe);
}
```

The zon declares `build-support`, `kernel` (implicit in every binary: the root
shim lives there), and the homes of the listed imports — for the minimal
driver above that is kernel alone plus `device` (for `driver`); add
`protocol`, `client`, ... only when an import comes from them (again, copy
pci-bus's zon and adjust). For the `.fingerprint` field, leave the copied
value in place and `zig build` will reject it and suggest the fresh one to
paste.

Then three one-liners in the root build register the package: the dependency
and a row in the boot-tree array in `build.zig` (search for
`virtio_gpu_package` to land in the right places),

```zig
const intel_uhd_graphics_750_exe = b.dependency("intel-uhd-graphics-750", .{}).artifact("intel-uhd-graphics-750");
```

```zig
.{ .path = "system/drivers/intel-uhd-graphics-750", .binary = intel_uhd_graphics_750_exe.getEmittedBin() },
```

and the path entry in the root `build.zig.zon`:

```zig
.@"intel-uhd-graphics-750" = .{ .path = "system/drivers/intel-uhd-graphics-750" },
```

Without the boot-tree row the binary never reaches the image and the
device-manager has nothing to spawn. (The package also builds standalone:
`cd system/drivers/intel-uhd-graphics-750 && zig build`.)

## 3. Add the match rule to `etc/devices.csv`

One row: bus, class triplet, vendor/device, driver path. **Copy the class
triplet from the pci-bus boot log line, not from another row** — for the iGPU
above the correct rule is

```
pci,    03,  00,   00,     8086,  4C8A,  *,        *,        /system/drivers/intel-uhd-graphics-750
```

Field-by-field rules and the most-specific-wins policy: [devices.csv](devices-csv.md).
The registry is authoritative: an unmatched device is logged unbound, never
guessed — so a wrong nibble here means the driver simply never starts.

## 4. First contact: read, predict, verify

Before writing any register, read one whose value you can predict from state
the firmware already programmed (for a display controller: the pipe source
size of the live mode). Registers are volatile loads at `register_base +
offset`, where `offset` is what the device's manual lists:

```zig
fn read32(offset: usize) u32 {
    return @as(*volatile u32, @ptrFromInt(register_base + offset)).*;
}
```

A matching read proves the whole chain — CSV match, spawn, claim, BAR choice,
mapping — with zero risk to the hardware.

## 5. Verify the plumbing

- `zig build test` still passes.
- On the image: `/var/log/<boot-stamp>/system/services/device-manager.log`
  shows `spawned <name> for device <N>`, and
  `/var/log/<boot-stamp>/system/drivers/<name>.log` holds the resource list and
  your first read.
- If the driver did not spawn, diagnose in this order: binary on the image
  (step 2) → CSV row matches the log line exactly (step 3) → path identical in
  both (step 1).

## Later, when the device needs them

- **Interrupts**: MSI/MSI-X via the `pci` module, delivered as notifications to
  `on_notification` — see [device interrupts](device-interrupts.md) and the
  xHCI driver's `setupMsi` (QEMU trap documented there: enable MSI-X before
  unmasking the device's own interrupt-enable bit).
- **DMA**: grant-backed buffers, bounded by the IOMMU domain established at
  claim time ([driver model](driver-model.md)).
- **Children**: a bus driver publishes what it finds via `device_register`
  ([drivers.md — publishing children](drivers.md#publishing-children-device_register)).
- **A protocol**: replace `message_maximum` with the protocol's own maximum and
  dispatch on the operation word in `onMessage` — every service under
  `system/services/` is an example.