danos/docs/README.md

danos documentation

Notes on how danos boots and draws, written to explain the why behind the code rather than restate it. Roughly in the order things happen at runtime:

1. efi.md — EFI / the boot process. How UEFI firmware finds and runs the bootloader, what the loader gathers before ExitBootServices, how it loads the kernel ELF, and the ABI contract for the jump into the kernel. Start here.
2. gop.md — the Graphics Output Protocol. How UEFI exposes graphics modes (unlike fixed VGA modes), how we detect the monitor's native resolution from EDID and switch to it, and the pixel formats we accept or reject.
3. framebuffer.md — the framebuffer. What the linear framebuffer the loader hands over actually is, and what pitch (stride) means versus width — the detail you have to get right to avoid a skewed image.
4. memory-map.md — the memory map. How the loader learns what physical RAM exists and hands it to the kernel in danos's own neutral format, rather than leaking UEFI's memory descriptors across the boundary.
5. frame-allocator.md — the physical frame allocator. The bitmap allocator that hands out and reclaims 4 KiB physical frames from that map — the primitive page tables and the heap are built on.
6. interrupts.md — interrupts and exceptions. The GDT, IDT and TSS, the exception stubs, and the handler that reports a CPU fault in red instead of letting it triple-fault into a silent reset.
7. paging.md — the kernel's page tables. Building our own 4-level page tables, identity-mapping the low 4 GiB, and switching CR3 off the firmware's tables onto ours.
8. device-interrupts.md — device interrupts. The Local APIC and its timer — the kernel's first interrupt that is handled and returned from, giving it a heartbeat.
9. heap.md — the kernel heap. A growable free-list allocator built on the VMM, exposed as a std.mem.Allocator so std containers work — dynamic allocation for the kernel.
10. scheduling.md — the scheduler. Fixed-priority preemptive multitasking: kernel threads, the context switch, O(1) priority selection, and blocking (sleep, wait queues) — the leap to a running system.
11. ipc.md — inter-process communication. Bounded blocking message-passing channels — the backbone the microkernel's isolated servers will talk over.
12. halting.md — halting. Why a kernel can't just "exit", and how while (true) hlt parks the CPU safely once there's nothing left to do.

Start with the north star:

• vision.md — the vision. danos is aiming to be a real-time microkernel: minimal kernel, drivers/services isolated in user space, preemptive scheduling with timing guarantees. The why that shapes everything below.

Cutting across all of these:

• arch.md — the architecture split. How CPU-specific code is kept behind a build-time arch module so the generic kernel never names x86_64, leaving room for other systems (e.g. an AArch64 Raspberry Pi) later.
• sysv.md — the calling convention. What "the kernel is SysV" means, and why the loader→kernel boundary has to pin it (the RDI-vs-RCX handoff).
• testing.md — testing. How the kernel is tested by booting it in QEMU and asserting on its serial output — reproducibly, and structured so the same tests run across architectures.

How the pieces relate

The boot flow ties them together: UEFI runs the loader (efi.md), which queries the GOP to pick a graphics mode (gop.md), hands the kernel a framebuffer to draw into (framebuffer.md) and a memory map of physical RAM (memory-map.md); the kernel turns that map into a frame allocator (frame-allocator.md), installs its descriptor tables so CPU faults are caught (interrupts.md), builds its own page tables and switches onto them (paging.md), brings up the heap for dynamic allocation (heap.md), starts the scheduler (scheduling.md) and the timer that preempts it (device-interrupts.md) — with tasks blocking, sleeping and passing messages over IPC channels — runs, its CPU-specific bits behind the arch boundary, and when idle, or on a panic, it halts (halting.md).

Source map

Area	Code
Bootloader (UEFI app)	src/efi.zig → BOOTX64.efi
Kernel entry, panic, bring-up	src/main.zig
Shared loader↔kernel contract (BootInfo, Framebuffer, MemoryMap, ABI)	src/root.zig
Physical frame allocator	src/pmm.zig
Kernel heap (std.mem.Allocator)	src/heap.zig
Scheduler (fixed-priority preemptive; blocking, wait queues)	src/sched.zig
IPC channels (message passing)	src/ipc.zig
Framebuffer text console (mirrors to serial)	src/console.zig
In-kernel test cases	src/tests.zig
Arch-specific kernel code (halt, GDT/IDT/TSS, exception + interrupt stubs, page tables, APIC/timer, serial, linker script)	src/arch/x86_64/
Build + run-efi (QEMU/OVMF)	build.zig
QEMU integration test harness	test/qemu_test.py