249 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
249 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# danos documentation
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Notes on how danos boots and draws, written to explain the *why* behind the code
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rather than restate it. Roughly in the order things happen at runtime:
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1. **[efi.md](efi.md) — EFI / the boot process.** How UEFI firmware finds and
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runs the bootloader, what the loader gathers before `ExitBootServices`, how it
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loads the kernel ELF, and the ABI contract for the jump into the kernel. Start
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here.
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2. **[gop.md](gop.md) — the Graphics Output Protocol.** How UEFI exposes graphics
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modes (unlike fixed VGA modes), how we detect the monitor's native resolution
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from EDID and switch to it, and the pixel formats we accept or reject.
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3. **[framebuffer.md](framebuffer.md) — the framebuffer.** What the linear
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framebuffer the loader hands over actually is, and what **pitch** (stride)
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means versus width — the detail you have to get right to avoid a skewed image.
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4. **[memory-map.md](memory-map.md) — the memory map.** How the loader learns what
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physical RAM exists and hands it to the kernel in danos's own neutral format,
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rather than leaking UEFI's memory descriptors across the boundary.
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5. **[frame-allocator.md](frame-allocator.md) — the physical frame allocator.** The
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bitmap allocator that hands out and reclaims 4 KiB physical frames from that
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map — the primitive page tables and the heap are built on.
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6. **[interrupts.md](interrupts.md) — interrupts and exceptions.** The GDT, IDT and
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TSS, the exception stubs, and the handler that reports a CPU fault in red instead
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of letting it triple-fault into a silent reset.
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7. **[paging.md](paging.md) — the kernel's page tables.** Building our own 4-level
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page tables, identity-mapping the low 4 GiB, and switching CR3 off the firmware's
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tables onto ours.
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8. **[device-interrupts.md](device-interrupts.md) — device interrupts.** The Local
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APIC and its timer — the kernel's first interrupt that is *handled and returned
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from*, giving it a heartbeat.
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9. **[heap.md](heap.md) — the kernel heap.** A growable free-list allocator built on
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the VMM, exposed as a `std.mem.Allocator` so std containers work — dynamic
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allocation for the kernel.
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10. **[scheduling.md](scheduling.md) — the scheduler.** Fixed-priority preemptive
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multitasking: kernel threads, the context switch, O(1) priority selection, and
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blocking (sleep, wait queues) — the leap to a running system.
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11. **[ipc.md](ipc.md) — inter-process communication.** Bounded blocking
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message-passing channels, then synchronous call/reply between *processes* over
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endpoints — the backbone the microkernel's isolated servers talk over.
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12. **[syscall.md](syscall.md) — system calls.** How ring 3 asks the kernel for
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something: the `syscall`/`sysret` fast path, the trap frame, and why the table is
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deliberately tiny.
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13. **[drivers.md](drivers.md) — writing a driver.** The payoff: a driver is an
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ordinary ring-3 process that claims a device, maps its registers, and **sleeps
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until its hardware interrupts it**. The claim is the capability; `irq_ack` is the
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unmask.
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14. **[driver-model.md](driver-model.md) — buses, classes and host controllers.** How
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real driver stacks factor into three shapes and how families share code. The
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three primitives it proposed are long since built (M13 capability passing,
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M14 DMA + barriers, M15 MSI), and the driver *contract* on top of them —
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hello, supervision, restart — is built too (device-manager.md, M18).
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15. **[process-management.md](process-management.md) — process management.** The
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microkernel's `ps`/`kill`/SIGCHLD: enumerate as a table snapshot, the
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supervision link as the kill authority, and child-exit notifications over the
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same endpoints IRQs arrive on.
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16. **[process-lifecycle.md](process-lifecycle.md) — the process lifecycle.** Built
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(M17): signals over IPC as the one lifecycle vocabulary every process speaks — the
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POSIX.1-1990 words with message delivery instead of stack hijack, the stable
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`runtime.process` interface, exit reasons, published exit events any stateful
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service can subscribe to (the VFS releasing dead clients' handles), and the two
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iron rules (cleanup is the kernel's job; kill is not a signal).
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17. **[device-manager.md](device-manager.md) — the device manager.** Built (M18,
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through the app surface): the
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tree, the matcher, and the supervisor. Tree structure lives in the manager,
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authority stays in the kernel; bus drivers report what they see; drivers are
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restarted through the lifecycle vocabulary — the plan that turns
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[resilience.md](resilience.md)'s restart goal into increments.
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18. **[input.md](input.md) — the input module.** Broadcasting input events (keyboard,
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mouse, joystick): why a synchronous rendezvous can't fan out to many listeners, the
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asynchronous `ipc_send` primitive built to fix it, and the per-device subscribe/publish
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service layered on top.
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19. **[display.md](display.md) — the display service.** The display half of the GUI
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track: a user-space compositor that owns the framebuffer, composes a layer stack into
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a double buffer, and presents it. Why GOP and the PCI display device are two views of
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one controller, the device-node + write-combining handoff, and what flicker-free buys
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that tear-free doesn't. Plan: [display-plan.md](display-plan.md).
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20. **[halting.md](halting.md) — halting.** Why a kernel can't just "exit", and
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how `while (true) hlt` parks the CPU safely once there's nothing left to do.
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Start with the north star:
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- **[vision.md](vision.md) — the vision.** danos is a **learning-by-doing**
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microkernel: minimal kernel, drivers/services isolated in user space, chosen for
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**resilience** (restartable components). Win condition: runs on the author's PC and
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both Raspberry Pis, ideally with a GUI. Real-time is an option to explore, not a
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requirement. The *why* that shapes everything below.
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- **[resilience.md](resilience.md) — resilience.** A design note (not built yet) on
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fault isolation + live restart — the reincarnation-server + capability model that
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makes "if I break it, I can restart it" real. danos's core motivation.
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- **[zig-self-hosting.md](zig-self-hosting.md) — running Zig on danos.** A design note
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(not built yet) on making danos a real Zig target (`-target x86_64-danos`) and
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eventually running the compiler on it. The key realisation: Zig 0.16 reduces an OS
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port to **one seam** (`std.os.danos`), so we build `runtime.os` (→ that seam) plus a
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thin `runtime.fs`, retire the `posix` shim, and follow a phased path to
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`zig build-exe hello.zig` running on danos — **not** Linux-ABI emulation.
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Cutting across all of these:
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- **[system-requirements.md](system-requirements.md) — system requirements.** The
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hardware needed to run danos: minimum specs (UEFI x86-64, ACPI, PCIe ECAM,
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xHCI, ~128 MiB RAM) grounded in what the boot path actually assumes, plus a
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plain-language guide matching Intel/AMD CPU generations by name.
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- **[arch.md](arch.md) — the architecture split.** How CPU-specific code is kept
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behind a build-time `arch` module so the generic kernel never names x86_64,
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leaving room for other systems (e.g. an AArch64 Raspberry Pi) later.
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- **[arm.md](arm.md) — ARM targets.** The Raspberry Pi landscape the arch split is
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aiming at: `arm` (32-bit, Pi Zero W) vs `aarch64` (64-bit, Pi 3-5), UEFI vs
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device-tree boot, and what each layer needs.
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- **[discovery.md](discovery.md) — device discovery.** A design note on learning what
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hardware exists via ACPI (x86) or device tree (ARM) behind one neutral device model —
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when to build it, and how to keep it architecture-agnostic.
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- **[acpi.md](acpi.md) — finding the ACPI tables.** The concrete x86 locator chain:
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how the loader captures the **RSDP**, hands its physical address across in `BootInfo`,
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and how the platform derives the **RSDT/XSDT** from it and walks the SDTs — plus the
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live event side (the SCI, the power button, GPE/Notify) the ring-3 acpi service runs.
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- **[power.md](power.md) — the power service.** System power as a domain-named
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service: button/lid/battery events published to subscribers, and init's orderly
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shutdown composing the [lifecycle](process-lifecycle.md) stop sequence with an ACPI
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S5 write. Firmware-neutral — a PSCI backend drops in on ARM.
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- **[timers.md](timers.md) — timers and time.** The ring-3 surface for reading the
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clock and waiting: why `now()` is a syscall rather than a service, and the one-shot
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timer notification (`timer_bind`) that gives supervisors a timed wait — built on the
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LAPIC heartbeat and calibrated TSC of [device-interrupts.md](device-interrupts.md).
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- **[smp.md](smp.md) — multiple cores.** A design/research note on how microkernels
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(L4, seL4) handle SMP — big kernel lock vs per-CPU vs multikernel — and how the
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right choice depends on whether danos is chasing real-time or resilience.
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- **[coding-standards.md](coding-standards.md) — coding standards.** The naming rule the
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tree follows: non-acronyms are spelled out in full (`message`, not `msg`), files are
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`kebab-case`, code follows Zig's case conventions, and the handful of exceptions
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(POSIX/C ABI names, `init`/`len`/`ptr`, acronyms).
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- **[sysv.md](sysv.md) — the calling convention.** What "the kernel is SysV" means,
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and why the loader→kernel boundary has to pin it (the RDI-vs-RCX handoff).
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- **[testing.md](testing.md) — testing.** How the kernel is tested by booting it in
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QEMU and asserting on its serial output — reproducibly, and structured so the
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same tests run across architectures.
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- **[logging.md](logging.md) — logging.** The multi-sink diagnostic log (serial,
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0xE9 debugcon, file later) kept separate from the framebuffer display, plus the
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robustness path: optional framebuffer, POST-code checkpoints, and a persistent
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panic breadcrumb so the kernel survives — and can be diagnosed — with no output.
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## How the pieces relate
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The boot flow ties them together: UEFI runs the loader ([efi.md](efi.md)), which
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queries the **GOP** to pick a graphics mode ([gop.md](gop.md)), hands the kernel a
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**framebuffer** to draw into ([framebuffer.md](framebuffer.md)) and a **memory
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map** of physical RAM ([memory-map.md](memory-map.md)); the kernel turns that map
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into a **frame allocator** ([frame-allocator.md](frame-allocator.md)), installs
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its **descriptor tables** so CPU faults are caught ([interrupts.md](interrupts.md)),
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builds its own **page tables** and switches onto them ([paging.md](paging.md)),
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brings up the **heap** for dynamic allocation ([heap.md](heap.md)), starts the
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**scheduler** ([scheduling.md](scheduling.md)) and the **timer** that preempts it
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([device-interrupts.md](device-interrupts.md)) — with tasks blocking, sleeping and
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passing messages over **[IPC](ipc.md)** channels — runs, its CPU-specific bits
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behind the [arch](arch.md) boundary, and when idle, or on a panic, it **halts**
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([halting.md](halting.md)).
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Above that line the microkernel proper begins: **discovery** ([discovery.md](discovery.md),
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[acpi.md](acpi.md)) learns what hardware exists, ring-3 processes ask the kernel for
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things through the small **[syscall](syscall.md)** table, isolated servers reach each
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other over IPC **endpoints** ([ipc.md](ipc.md)), and a **[driver](drivers.md)** claims
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a device, maps its registers, and sleeps until the hardware interrupts it — which is
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the whole reason for the arrangement ([vision.md](vision.md)).
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## Repository layout
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danos is a **monorepo of sub-projects**. Each service or driver is a directory that is
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its own Zig module — it can hold as many files as it needs, and other sub-projects
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reach it *by module name*, never by a path into its files. The source tree deliberately
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**mirrors the runtime FHS** ([danos-file-system-hierarchy-FSH.md](danos-file-system-hierarchy-FSH.md)):
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what you see under `system/` in the source is what a running danos represents under
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`/system`.
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**A sub-project is addressed by its directory; its entry point repeats the directory's
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name.** `system/services/init/` contains `init.zig` (its root), and produces a binary
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addressed as **`system/services/init`** — the repeated leaf resolves away:
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| Source (root file) | Addressed as (module / binary / FHS path) |
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|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
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| `system/services/init/init.zig` | `system/services/init` → `/system/services/init` |
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| `system/drivers/ps2-bus/ps2-bus.zig` | `system/drivers/ps2-bus` → `/system/drivers/ps2-bus` |
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| `library/runtime/runtime.zig` | `library/runtime` (the `runtime` module) |
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In **source**, a sub-project is a directory so it can hold many files — the entry is
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`init/init.zig`, beside it `vfs/vfs-test.zig`, `vfs/protocol.zig`, and so on. When
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**addressed or installed**, that collapses to the single canonical path: the `init`
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binary installs to `/system/services/init` (a file at that path), not
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`/system/services/init/init`. The repeated leaf exists only in source; the directory is
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the identity, the entry file is its implementation. (Same idea as a Go package being its
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directory, or a macOS `.app` bundle addressed by the bundle, not the executable within.)
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A sub-project's extra files are reached through the module, never as separate paths.
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```
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system/ → /system danos's own internals (the self-representation)
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boot-handoff.zig the loader↔kernel contract (the `boot-handoff` module)
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abi.zig the private kernel↔runtime syscall ABI (the `abi` module)
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parameters.zig initial-ramdisk.zig shared contracts
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kernel/ IPC, memory, scheduling, the private syscall dispatch
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architecture/x86_64/ the `architecture` module (never named by generic code)
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devices/ the device model /system/devices reflects (+ aml/)
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device-abi.zig the device wire types (the `device-abi` module)
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drivers/ hpet/ bus/ one sub-project per driver → /system/drivers
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services/ init/ vfs/ device-manager/ system servers → /system/services (vfs/ holds
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vfs.zig, vfs-test.zig, protocol.zig)
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library/ → /lib libraries, one sub-directory each
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runtime/ the danos-native runtime + file API (fs) — the stable application ABI
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boot/ → /boot the loaders
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tools/ test/ host-side build + QEMU test harness
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```
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A sub-project exposes its **public interface as a module**: `system/services/vfs/` owns
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the VFS wire protocol (`protocol.zig`, the `vfs-protocol` module), which the runtime's
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file API (`runtime.fs`) imports by name. `usb`/`block` drivers expose their protocols the
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same way.
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There is **no POSIX/C compatibility layer today**: danos programs do file I/O through the
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danos-native `runtime.fs` (open/read/write/list over the VFS). A hand-rolled POSIX shim
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(`library/posix/`) was retired as premature — the real POSIX/C surface will come later
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from the `std.os.danos` seam (and, eventually, musl) when danos becomes a Zig target (see
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[zig-self-hosting.md](zig-self-hosting.md)). When it does, the foreign-ABI naming
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exception in [coding-standards.md](coding-standards.md) applies to that seam.
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## Source map
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| Area | Code |
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|------|------|
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| Boot methods (one per way of booting the kernel) | `boot/` — `efi.zig` (UEFI) → `BOOTX64.efi` |
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| Kernel entry, panic, bring-up | `system/kernel/kernel.zig` |
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| Loader↔kernel handoff (`BootInfo`, `Framebuffer`, `MemoryMap`, VM layout) | `system/boot-handoff.zig` |
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| Private kernel↔runtime syscall ABI (`SystemCall`, mmap prot flags, `page_size`) — the runtime speaks it, not apps | `system/abi.zig` |
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| Device wire types (`DeviceDescriptor`, `DeviceClass`, …) | `system/devices/device-abi.zig` |
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| Physical frame allocator | `system/kernel/pmm.zig` |
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| Kernel heap (`std.mem.Allocator`) | `system/kernel/heap.zig` |
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| Scheduler (fixed-priority preemptive; blocking, wait queues) | `system/kernel/scheduler.zig` |
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| Big kernel lock + interrupt-safe critical sections | `system/kernel/sync.zig` |
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| IPC channels between kernel threads (message passing) | `system/kernel/ipc.zig` |
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| IPC endpoints: cross-address-space call/reply, handles, notifications | `system/kernel/ipc-synchronous.zig` |
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| User processes: ELF loading, address spaces, the syscall table | `system/kernel/process.zig` |
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| Device tree + claim capability + `device_register` containment | `system/kernel/devices-broker.zig` |
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| IRQ-as-IPC: routing a device interrupt to a driver's endpoint | `system/kernel/irq.zig` |
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| Hardware discovery (ACPI/device tree) behind one neutral device model | `system/devices/` |
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| Framebuffer text console (mirrors to serial) | `system/kernel/console.zig` |
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| In-kernel test cases | `system/kernel/tests.zig` |
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| Arch-specific kernel code (`halt`, GDT/IDT/TSS, exception + interrupt stubs, page tables, APIC/IO-APIC/timer, serial, linker script) | `system/kernel/architecture/x86_64/` |
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| danos-native runtime (`runtime`): syscall wrappers, heap, IPC, device access, the file API (`fs`) — the stable application ABI | `library/runtime/` |
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| System services (init, the VFS server + `protocol`, the device-manager) | `system/services/` |
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| Device drivers, one sub-project each (`pci-bus`, `ps2-bus`, `usb-xhci-bus` bus drivers) | `system/drivers/` |
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| Build + `run-x86-64` (QEMU/OVMF) | `build.zig` |
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| QEMU integration test harness | `test/qemu_test.py` |
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